HDLC

HDLC: High Level Data Link Control
The High Level Data Link Control (HDLC) protocol, an ISO data link layer protocol based on the IBM SDLC, is to ensure that data passed up to the next layer has been received exactly as transmitted (i.e error free, without loss and in the correct order). Another important function of HDLC is flow control, which ensures that data is transmitted only as fast as the receiver can receive it. There are two distinct HDLC implementations: HDLC NRM (also known as SDLC) and HDLC Link Access Procedure Balanced (LAPB), the later is a more popular implementation. HDLC is usually used by X.25.
LAPB is a bit-oriented synchronous protocol that provides complete data transparency in a full-duplex point-to-point operation. It supports a peer-to-peer link in that neither end of the link plays the role of the permanent master station. HDLC NRM, on the other hand, has a permanent primary station with one or more secondary stations.
HDLC LAPB is a very efficient protocol, which requires a minimum of overhead to ensure flow control, error detection and recovery. If data is flowing in both directions (full duplex), the data frames themselves carry all the information required to ensure data integrity.
The concept of a frame window is used to send multiple frames before receiving confirmation that the first frame has been correctly been received. This means that data can continue to flow in situations where there may be long "turn-around" time lags without stopping to wait for an acknowledgement. This kind of situation occurs, for instance in satellite communication.
There are three categories of frames:

• Information framestransport data across the link and may encapsulate the higher layers of the OSI architecture.
• Supervisory framesperform the flow control and error recovery functions.
• Unnumbered framesprovide the link initialization and termination.